{"id":51332,"date":"2023-02-22T15:09:45","date_gmt":"2023-02-22T14:09:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/culture\/egypte-ancienne\/redaction\/"},"modified":"2024-04-20T20:36:36","modified_gmt":"2024-04-20T18:36:36","slug":"redaction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/culture\/egypte-ancienne\/redaction\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9daction"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"51332\" class=\"elementor elementor-51332 elementor-754\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9d8c96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d9d8c96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dbd217b\" data-id=\"dbd217b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd7ca1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd7ca1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">l'\u00e9criture  <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0901e47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0901e47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7ec9e1\" data-id=\"e7ec9e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80998ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"80998ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne : hi\u00e9roglyphes, hi\u00e9ratique et d\u00e9motique. Tout ce que vous devez savoir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-507f426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"507f426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong> repr\u00e9sente l&rsquo;une des grandes contributions de cette civilisation \u00e0 l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9<\/strong>. C&rsquo;est aussi une forme d&rsquo;expression extraordinaire qui allie la magie, l&rsquo;art et la pratique.  <strong>La plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d&rsquo;entre elles est celle qui a employ\u00e9  <\/strong><\/span><strong>hi\u00e9roglyphes<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Mais ce n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas le seul syst\u00e8me utilis\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne : l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique et l&rsquo;\u00e9criture d\u00e9motique \u00e9taient \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9es<\/strong>. Sur cette page, nous vous <strong>expliquons tout ce qu&rsquo;il faut savoir \u00e0 ce sujet, en mettant l&rsquo;accent sur les \u00e9l\u00e9ments <\/strong> suivants  <\/span><strong>\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong> hi\u00e9roglyphique<\/strong>, qui montrera toute sa beaut\u00e9 et son myst\u00e8re \u00e0 vos yeux dans de nombreux monuments que vous visiterez au cours de votre voyage. Prenez donc bonne note de ce que nous expliquons ici afin de mieux l&rsquo;appr\u00e9cier le moment venu.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12c118a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12c118a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51dcdde\" data-id=\"51dcdde\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43e0560 elementor-toc--minimized-on-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"43e0560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-chevron-right&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 320 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Aucun titre n\\u2019a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 trouv\\u00e9 sur cette page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__43e0560\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__43e0560\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__43e0560\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06986e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06986e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne : du \"berceau\" \u00e0 nos jours<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4121ec0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4121ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>L&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong> est absolue<\/strong>. Et pas seulement au niveau local, o\u00f9 elle repr\u00e9sentait un outil utile \u00e0 leur administration et une forme d&rsquo;expression magique de leur religion.  <strong>Son importance dans l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9 en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral est \u00e9norme, car elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;une des premi\u00e8res \u00e9critures \u00e0 \u00eatre d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, ce qui a valu \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne l&rsquo;honneur d&rsquo;\u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l&rsquo;un des berceaux de la civilisation<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le terme \u00ab\u00a0berceau de la civilisation\u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9signe les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s qui ont quitt\u00e9 la pr\u00e9histoire gr\u00e2ce, entre autres, \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;un syst\u00e8me \u00e9crit pour documenter diff\u00e9rents aspects de leur culture et de leur \u00e9conomie : religion, transactions commerciales, r\u00e8gles juridiques, etc.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les historiens s&rsquo;accordent sur six d&rsquo;entre eux, qui ont \u00e9merg\u00e9 entre la fin du 4e mill\u00e9naire avant J.-C. et le d\u00e9but du 3e mill\u00e9naire avant J.-C. : la M\u00e9soam\u00e9rique (ancien Mexique et Am\u00e9rique centrale), le Norte Chico (P\u00e9rou actuel), la vall\u00e9e de l&rsquo;Indus dans le sous-continent indien, la Chine sur le fleuve Jaune et, surtout, le Croissant fertile : la M\u00e9sopotamie et l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne. Ils se sont tous d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s presque ind\u00e9pendamment les uns des autres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Si la M\u00e9sopotamie est souvent identifi\u00e9e comme la civilisation qui a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 utiliser l&rsquo;\u00e9criture de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matique, l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne a adopt\u00e9 son propre syst\u00e8me, avec une orthographe compl\u00e8tement diff\u00e9rente : les hi\u00e9roglyphes.  <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>qui a \u00e9volu\u00e9 de simples traits orn\u00e9s \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me complexe de dessins plus ou moins sch\u00e9matiques pour repr\u00e9senter des sons et des id\u00e9es<\/strong>. Au total, plus de 6 000 caract\u00e8res composent ce type de  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">selon certaines estimations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es sans interruption pendant plus de 3 500 ans, m\u00eame si, \u00e0 partir du milieu du IIIe mill\u00e9naire, elles ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 coexister avec l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique, plus simple et donc plus rapide \u00e0 produire. Et \u00e0 partir du VIIe si\u00e8cle avant J.-C., elle l&rsquo;a fait avec l&rsquo;\u00e9criture d\u00e9motique (repr\u00e9sentant une langue diff\u00e9rente), encore plus simple \u00e0 utiliser pour les questions \u00e9conomiques et litt\u00e9raires. C&rsquo;est pourquoi, dans les derniers soubresauts de cette civilisation, l&rsquo;utilisation du  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hi\u00e9roglyphes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9tait tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e et sa connaissance \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s rare, se r\u00e9duisant pratiquement aux inscriptions sur les murs des temples religieux.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Le point final de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>  Les gravures hi\u00e9roglyphiques sont apparues \u00e0 la fin du IVe si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J.-C., lorsque les derni\u00e8res gravures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es sur les murs du temple de Philae en Haute-\u00c9gypte. L&rsquo;officialisation du christianisme dans l&rsquo;Empire romain a entra\u00een\u00e9 la fermeture des temples religieux de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne et, avec elle, l&rsquo;extinction d\u00e9finitive de cette culture.<\/strong>.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cependant, l <strong>&lsquo;\u00e9gyptologie a remis en <\/strong> lumi\u00e8re l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne et, en particulier, les hi\u00e9roglyphes. <\/span><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne et, en particulier, les hi\u00e9roglyphes.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>. Et apr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents succ\u00e8s dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9roglyphique au cours des premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 19e si\u00e8cle<\/strong>En 1822, l&rsquo;historien fran\u00e7ais Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion r\u00e9alise la grande ambition de cette discipline naissante : d\u00e9crypter le sens de l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;homme.  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hi\u00e9roglyphes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gr\u00e2ce, surtout, \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de la pierre de Rosette.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcd65d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcd65d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"803\" src=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jeroglificos-egipto.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-51334\" alt=\"Hi\u00e9roglyphes \u00e9gyptiens\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jeroglificos-egipto.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jeroglificos-egipto-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jeroglificos-egipto-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jeroglificos-egipto-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f03d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f2f03d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Principales caract\u00e9ristiques des hi\u00e9roglyphes \u00e9gyptiens<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f869089 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f869089\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bien qu&rsquo;elle soit souvent d\u00e9sign\u00e9e par le terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique d'\u00a0\u00bb\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">il est vrai que <strong>les <\/strong><\/span><strong>hi\u00e9roglyphes <\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>ont des caract\u00e9ristiques tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique et d\u00e9motique<\/strong>. Nous allons donc passer bri\u00e8vement en revue ses principales caract\u00e9ristiques.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b35aee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b35aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9crire avec un syst\u00e8me mixte\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b7cfd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b7cfd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>L&rsquo;un des facteurs qui a rendu si difficile le d\u00e9chiffrement r\u00e9cent des hi\u00e9roglyphes est le suivant  <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9tait le fait <strong>qu&rsquo;il \u00e9tait bas\u00e9 sur un syst\u00e8me mixte<\/strong>. En d&rsquo;autres termes, un signe donn\u00e9 peut repr\u00e9senter l&rsquo;une de ces choses :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Un son \u00e0 prononcer (phonogramme)<\/strong>. Par exemple, le signe du hibou repr\u00e9sente le \u00ab\u00a0m\u00a0\u00bb espagnol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Ensemble de sons consonants<\/strong>. Par exemple, une \u00e9toile exprime \u00ab\u00a0sb\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Une id\u00e9e (id\u00e9ogrammes<\/strong>). Par exemple, un cercle avec un point en son centre indique l&rsquo;id\u00e9e de \u00ab\u00a0jour\u00a0\u00bb ou de \u00ab\u00a0soleil\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0878069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0878069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Absence de voyelles\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad7c153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad7c153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Un autre facteur qui complique l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong> est la sous-repr\u00e9sentation des voix<\/strong>. Bien que des signes hi\u00e9roglyphiques existent pour les d\u00e9signer, ils sont rarement utilis\u00e9s, ce qui peut a priori rendre les mots impronon\u00e7ables. Cependant, une convention courante consiste \u00e0 ajouter \u00ab\u00a0a\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0e\u00a0\u00bb dans leur lecture, bien que la prononciation des voyelles faibles puisse parfois \u00eatre proche de celle des voyelles.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f37dc0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f37dc0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Orientations de lecture multiples\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc161f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc161f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dans les langues occidentales modernes, le sens de lecture est toujours de gauche \u00e0 droite. Et dans les langues s\u00e9mitiques, comme l&rsquo;arabe ou l&rsquo;h\u00e9breu, elle se fait de droite \u00e0 gauche. Toutefois, <strong>le <\/strong> <\/span><strong>hi\u00e9roglyphes  <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9crites et donc lues dans diff\u00e9rents sens. Leur orientation peut \u00eatre horizontale (de gauche \u00e0 droite ou de droite \u00e0 gauche), mais aussi verticale (de haut en bas) et m\u00eame en bustrophedon<\/strong>  (une ligne de gauche \u00e0 droite et la suivante dans l&rsquo;autre sens, comme un serpent ou un b\u0153uf qui laboure).  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac14274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac14274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Noms et titres, en cartouches\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dc4843 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dc4843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En regardant un texte en <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  Vous remarquerez que certains groupes de signes sont entour\u00e9s de signes hi\u00e9roglyphiques.<strong> Ce sont les cartouches et ils regroupent les signes qui composent un nom propre ou un titre, notamment celui des pharaons<\/strong>. Cette ressource a deux objectifs. D&rsquo;une part, d\u00e9limiter clairement le nom, afin d&rsquo;\u00e9viter toute confusion sur le d\u00e9but ou la fin du nom. <strong>Ceci \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s important car, comme nous le verrons plus loin, on pensait qu&rsquo;une erreur dans la lecture du nom ou dans sa prononciation pouvait nuire \u00e0 la personne<\/strong> vis\u00e9e. D&rsquo;autre part, il \u00e9tait destin\u00e9 \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger la personne, car ce qui regroupait vraiment ces signes \u00e9tait une corde nou\u00e9e \u00e0 une extr\u00e9mit\u00e9, cr\u00e9ant ainsi une sorte d&rsquo;isolement symbolique.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-168f137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"168f137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grand rel\u00e2chement avec les \"fautes\" d'orthographe.\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3f3791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3f3791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A l&rsquo;exception des noms de personnes, pour lesquels le plus grand soin \u00e9tait apport\u00e9 \u00e0 une lecture correcte, <strong>les <\/strong> hi\u00e9roglyphes \u00e9taient <\/span><strong>hi\u00e9roglyphes <\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u00e9taient des lectures assez ouvertes, comme nous l&rsquo;avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 indiqu\u00e9 en parlant de l&rsquo;absence de voyelles. Mais ils n&rsquo;ont pas non plus adopt\u00e9 des r\u00e8gles d&rsquo;orthographe tr\u00e8s strictes pour \u00e9crire.<\/strong>. Par exemple, il n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas rare d&rsquo;omettre, de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter ou d&rsquo;intervertir des signes. Et parfois, cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait \u00e0 dessein, avec l&rsquo;intention d&rsquo;\u00e9crire dans un certain style archa\u00efque. Ce fut par exemple le cas lorsque, \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque du Nouvel Empire, on voulut \u00e9crire avec certains idiomes de l&rsquo;Ancien Empire.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d6c9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37d6c9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'\u00e9criture et la religion \u00e9gyptiennes, \u00e9troitement li\u00e9es\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc73034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc73034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Les hi\u00e9roglyphes, qui sont les premi\u00e8res manifestations de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>sont inextricablement li\u00e9s \u00e0 la religion de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne<\/strong>. En effet, l&rsquo;appellation \u00ab\u00a0paroles divines\u00a0\u00bb leur \u00e9tait autrefois r\u00e9serv\u00e9e et, comme le rapporte la cosmogonie de Memphis, l&rsquo;<strong>usage de la parole est \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine m\u00eame de l&rsquo;Univers, un miracle op\u00e9r\u00e9 par le dieu Ptah<\/strong>.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alors que cette <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  La premi\u00e8re tablette \u00e9crite servait \u00e0 enregistrer des besoins pratiques comme la comptabilit\u00e9 des entr\u00e9es et des salaires, mais elle a fini par trouver sa place sur des supports qui garantissaient l&rsquo;\u00e9ternit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9crit : les blocs de pierre des temples et des palais, les tombes des d\u00e9funts ou les bijoux et objets de leur mobilier fun\u00e9raire, mais aussi sur le papyrus lorsque ce mat\u00e9riau \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9 dans les Livres des Morts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cela s<strong>&lsquo;explique par le fait que l&rsquo;on croyait qu&rsquo;en pronon\u00e7ant le nom d&rsquo;une personne d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e, celle-ci<\/strong> revenait \u00e0 la vie. Le<strong>nom propre avait <\/strong> donc<strong>une double importance : pour les questions pratiques de la vie terrestre et pour l&rsquo;immortalisation de leur <\/strong> identit\u00e9.  <\/span><strong><i>ba  <\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>(\u00e2me) dans l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0<\/strong>. Et dans ce dernier sens, le  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  a \u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;outil qui l&rsquo;a emp\u00each\u00e9 de tomber dans l&rsquo;oubli. En outre, cela permettait d&rsquo;\u00e9viter les erreurs dans le choix du nom du d\u00e9funt, car on pensait que cela pouvait nuire \u00e0 la personne dans l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;un des exemples les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne, le pharaon Akhenaton, permet de comprendre ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne. Ce roi, au cours de la p\u00e9riode dite d&rsquo;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Amarna<\/span>, a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d&rsquo;entreprendre une r\u00e9volution religieuse en promouvant le culte quasi exclusif du disque solaire Aton et en s&rsquo;\u00e9rigeant en proph\u00e8te. \u00c0 sa mort, cela fut consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une v\u00e9ritable h\u00e9r\u00e9sie, et son nom fut donc attaqu\u00e9 sans piti\u00e9 : il fut effac\u00e9 de tous les temples et, selon certaines hypoth\u00e8ses, cela fut fait non seulement pour l&rsquo;\u00e9liminer de l&rsquo;histoire mais aussi pour torpiller sa vie dans l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0, en profitant du caract\u00e8re magique de l&rsquo;eau.  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06a977d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06a977d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Valeur artistique des hi\u00e9roglyphes<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95b2b29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95b2b29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Un autre facteur qui a influenc\u00e9 la conservation des hi\u00e9roglyphes  <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>dans la religion de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne est son \u00e9norme valeur artistique<\/strong>. Qu&rsquo;ils soient grav\u00e9s ou peints, sur les murs des temples ou des enceintes fun\u00e9raires, sur les papyrus des Livres des Morts ou sur les st\u00e8les de pierre, leur impact visuel ne laisse personne indiff\u00e9rent. Et cela contribue \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une ambiance propice \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des dieux.  <strong>Pour toutes ces raisons, nombreux sont ceux qui pensent que la  <\/strong><\/span><strong>hi\u00e9roglyphes <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>peuvent \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme le plus beau syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;\u00e9criture jamais utilis\u00e9 par l&rsquo;homme<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d58421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d58421\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comment reconna\u00eetre les hi\u00e9roglyphes<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-846d2d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"846d2d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En visitant les temples spectaculaires de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne au cours de votre voyage, vous aurez la meilleure occasion de mettre en pratique vos connaissances de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne et, en particulier, des hi\u00e9roglyphes.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Si vous vous sentez d&rsquo;abord d\u00e9pass\u00e9 par cette entreprise, avec de la patience, un bon \u0153il et l&rsquo;aide de nos guides, vous pourrez d\u00e9crypter une grande partie des informations qui vous seront pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Comme toute langue, il est n\u00e9cessaire de l&rsquo;\u00e9tudier en profondeur pour la ma\u00eetriser. Cependant, vous pouvez vous procurer des grammaires manuelles pour consulter les signes de cette \u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong> lorsque vous<\/strong> vous trouvez en face d&rsquo;eux. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, il convient de citer les travaux d&rsquo;Alan Henderson Gardiner qui, au XXe si\u00e8cle, a syst\u00e9matis\u00e9 les connaissances sur les  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hi\u00e9roglyphes  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en les regroupant en plus de vingt groupes th\u00e9matiques, tels que ceux relatifs aux dieux, aux hommes, aux femmes et aux b\u00e2timents, entre autres. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un ouvrage tr\u00e8s complet, mais vous pouvez \u00e9galement acheter d&rsquo;autres ouvrages de poche, souvent bas\u00e9s sur les travaux de cet \u00e9gyptologue britannique.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-287e0f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"287e0f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tipos-escritura-egipto.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-51335\" alt=\"Types d&amp;apos;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tipos-escritura-egipto.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tipos-escritura-egipto-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tipos-escritura-egipto-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tipos-escritura-egipto-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f2bfea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f2bfea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les deux autres \u00e9critures \u00e9gyptiennes : le hi\u00e9ratique et le d\u00e9motique<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa8f0c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa8f0c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lorsque l&rsquo;on parle d'\u00a0\u00bb\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne\u00a0\u00bb, on ne se r\u00e9f\u00e8re pas seulement aux hi\u00e9roglyphes, qui sont plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres et plus \u00e9vocateurs pour leur beaut\u00e9 et leurs attributions magiques.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les hi\u00e9roglyphes sont plus connus et plus \u00e9vocateurs pour leur beaut\u00e9 et leurs attributions magiques. L&rsquo;<strong>\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique et l&rsquo;\u00e9criture d\u00e9motique sont \u00e9galement incluses dans ce concept<\/strong>, que nous allons maintenant passer en revue afin de comprendre leurs diff\u00e9rences.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a293f79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a293f79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9criture hi\u00e9ratique<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9806658 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9806658\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Comme on peut le comprendre, les hi\u00e9roglyphes n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas un syst\u00e8me tr\u00e8s pratique et rapide pour documenter les activit\u00e9s quotidiennes. C&rsquo;est ainsi qu&rsquo;au milieu du troisi\u00e8me mill\u00e9naire avant J.-C., une autre \u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne est apparue<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>: le hi\u00e9ratique<\/strong>. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une simplification pour l&rsquo;adapter \u00e0 une utilisation sur papyrus, principalement \u00e0 des fins administratives (lettres, comptabilit\u00e9, textes juridiques, etc.), bien qu&rsquo;il ait \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 des fins religieuses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Leurs signes sont plus stylis\u00e9s et sch\u00e9matiques, mieux adapt\u00e9s au calame (roseau creux) et \u00e0 l&rsquo;encre noire, principale m\u00e9thode d&rsquo;\u00e9criture de<\/strong> l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. Il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 pour les gravures sur ostraca (pierres calcaires ou poteries) qui servaient \u00e0 faire des croquis avant de transf\u00e9rer l&rsquo;\u00e9criture sur papyrus, beaucoup plus cher.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autres supports sur lesquels cette \u00e9criture a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  L&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique \u00e9tait r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en bois et en cuir, et m\u00eame sur des tablettes d&rsquo;argile au moyen d&rsquo;incisions, comme dans l&rsquo;\u00e9criture cun\u00e9iforme m\u00e9sopotamienne. Cependant, les tablettes d&rsquo;argile n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas l&rsquo;apanage de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique et ce support n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas non plus utilis\u00e9 uniquement en M\u00e9sopotamie, car il convient de rappeler que la plus ancienne d\u00e9couverte de ce type a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite \u00e0 Umm el-Qaab (pr\u00e8s d&rsquo;Abydos). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/haute-egypte\/abydos\/\"><br \/>\n  <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Abydos<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>) : r\u00e9cipients avec  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hi\u00e9roglyphes \u00e9gyptiens<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00e9criture hi\u00e9roglyphique \u00e9gyptienne utilisant cette m\u00e9thode, datable entre 3400 et 3200 av.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quoi qu&rsquo;il en soit, et pour en revenir \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique \u00e9gyptienne, sa connaissance \u00e9tait plus r\u00e9pandue que celle des hi\u00e9roglyphes, consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme v\u00e9ritablement sacr\u00e9s, alors que ces derniers \u00e9taient beaucoup plus pr\u00e9sents dans la vie quotidienne, m\u00eame s&rsquo;ils n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas non plus tr\u00e8s enseign\u00e9s.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cette derni\u00e8re \u00e9tait beaucoup plus pr\u00e9sente dans la vie quotidienne, m\u00eame si elle n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas non plus tr\u00e8s enseign\u00e9e. <\/span> <\/p>\n<p><strong>Voici, bri\u00e8vement, quelques caract\u00e9ristiques de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00e9criture<strong> hi\u00e9ratique<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elle s&rsquo;<strong>\u00e9crit toujours de droite \u00e0 gauche<\/strong> et, depuis la 12e dynastie, toujours horizontalement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Son style est plus cursif que celui des hi\u00e9roglyphes<\/strong> et, en fait, il utilise des ligatures entre certains signes, ce qui augmentait la vitesse de production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Une version plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9e pourrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e dans les textes religieux, litt\u00e9raires et scientifiques.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3a24e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3a24e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9criture d\u00e9motique<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06b990e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06b990e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Il s&rsquo;est pass\u00e9 la m\u00eame chose entre l&rsquo;\u00e9criture hi\u00e9ratique et l&rsquo;\u00e9criture d\u00e9motique qu&rsquo;entre l&rsquo;<\/strong>\u00e9criture <strong>hi\u00e9roglyphique et l&rsquo;<\/strong>\u00e9criture <strong>hi\u00e9ratique<\/strong>. En d&rsquo;autres termes, le <strong>d\u00e9motique est n\u00e9 de l&rsquo;abr\u00e9viation du hi\u00e9ratique, avec l&rsquo;intention de le rendre encore plus pratique pour les usages quotidiens<\/strong>: conclusion de contrats, comptabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et autres affaires courantes. En fait, le d\u00e9motique \u00e9tait aussi une langue \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re, elle-m\u00eame une simplification de la langue \u00e9gyptienne ancienne.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>La cr\u00e9ation de cette langue et de son alphabet a \u00e9t\u00e9 progressive et l&rsquo;on consid\u00e8re qu&rsquo;elle est devenue pertinente \u00e0 partir du milieu du VIIe si\u00e8cle av.<\/strong> Toutefois, le  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le d\u00e9motique n&rsquo;a pas remplac\u00e9 le hi\u00e9ratique, qui a perdur\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la p\u00e9riode de domination romaine. La validit\u00e9 du d\u00e9motique a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 limit\u00e9e dans le temps, puisqu&rsquo;\u00e0 partir du IIe si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J.-C., il a \u00e9t\u00e9 progressivement supplant\u00e9 par la langue grecque hell\u00e9nistique pour les usages officiels et les documents importants.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Le d\u00e9motique, quant \u00e0 lui, est rest\u00e9 plus populaire et oral, comme son nom l&rsquo;indique, donn\u00e9 par les Grecs : <i>demotika <\/i>.  <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>ou \u00ab\u00a0du peuple\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>. Et il ne faut pas le confondre avec le grec d\u00e9motique, qui avait le m\u00eame concept populaire mais rien \u00e0 voir avec l&rsquo;\u00e9gyptien. Elle est toutefois apparent\u00e9e \u00e0 la langue copte, qu&rsquo;elle a fortement influenc\u00e9e, puisqu&rsquo;elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e par les premiers chr\u00e9tiens d&rsquo;\u00c9gypte et qu&rsquo;elle est encore utilis\u00e9e aujourd&rsquo;hui comme langue liturgique.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c414e20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c414e20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les scribes, une classe privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e de lettr\u00e9s<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a7cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55a7cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;un des aspects qui a contribu\u00e9 au caract\u00e8re magique, mythique et myst\u00e9rieux des hi\u00e9roglyphes est le fait que les <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hi\u00e9roglyphes <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">est que seul 1 % de la population a pu les interpr\u00e9ter. Ce 1% comprend non seulement la caste sacerdotale, qui devait les comprendre pour l&rsquo;accomplissement de ses rituels religieux, mais aussi les scribes. Ils avaient le privil\u00e8ge de disposer de cette sagesse divine, constitu\u00e9e des \u00ab\u00a0paroles de Tot\u00a0\u00bb, le dieu des  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et protecteur de cet art, et ont donc pu le transf\u00e9rer sur diff\u00e9rents supports, notamment les Livres des Morts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cependant, les scribes manipulaient le <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  \u00e9galement \u00e0 des fins plus pratiques et terrestres. Par exemple, ils \u00e9taient charg\u00e9s d&rsquo;enregistrer les crues du Nil, ce qui \u00e9tait essentiel pour organiser la production agricole du pays. Ou pour effectuer des inventaires dans les greniers \u00e0 grains \u00e0 des fins d&rsquo;approvisionnement en nourriture. Et bien d&rsquo;autres actions.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a33692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a33692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le Livre des morts : l'apog\u00e9e de l'\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d07ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d07ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En ce qui concerne l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <strong> on ne peut oublier les Livres des Morts, qui en ont \u00e9t\u00e9 le meilleur repr\u00e9sentant depuis le Nouvel Empire<\/strong>. Il s&rsquo;agissait de textes fun\u00e9raires, dont le nom serait plut\u00f4t traduit par \u00ab\u00a0Livres du lever du jour\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0de la lumi\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb, puisqu&rsquo;ils racontent le r\u00e9veil du d\u00e9funt apr\u00e8s sa mort pour affronter ensuite le jugement d&rsquo;Osiris.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ils \u00e9taient <strong>\u00e9crits sur des rouleaux de papyrus et d\u00e9cor\u00e9s de vignettes polychromes repr\u00e9sentant le d\u00e9funt et les dieux impliqu\u00e9s dans le processus<\/strong>. Ce r\u00e9cit s&rsquo;appuie sur la  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ils repr\u00e9sentent donc des documents uniques dans lesquels la peinture et l&rsquo;art sont magistralement combin\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il est <strong>donc facile de comprendre que le Livre des morts \u00e9tait un objet de grande valeur, tant sur le plan spirituel qu&rsquo;\u00e9conomique<\/strong>. En fait, on pense que le prix de ces \u00e9crits pouvait repr\u00e9senter le salaire d&rsquo;une ann\u00e9e enti\u00e8re. D&rsquo;<strong>abord r\u00e9serv\u00e9s \u00e0 la famille royale, ils ont ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 command\u00e9s par des membres de l&rsquo;\u00e9lite sociale : pr\u00eatres, fonctionnaires et scribes, avec une pr\u00e9dominance de propri\u00e9taires masculins<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La plupart du temps, ils n&rsquo;ont pas eu de structure fixe, bien qu&rsquo;\u00e0 partir de la 26e dynastie (p\u00e9riode sa\u00efte), ils aient adopt\u00e9 un ordre plus ou moins commun. Dans ce cas, elle commen\u00e7ait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement par des chapitres consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e du d\u00e9funt dans la tombe et \u00e0 sa descente aux enfers. Apr\u00e8s une explication approfondie des dieux, le d\u00e9funt \u00e9tait \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9veill\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb pour voyager dans l&rsquo;arche solaire pendant la journ\u00e9e, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce qu&rsquo;il retrouve Osiris dans le monde souterrain \u00e0 la tomb\u00e9e de la nuit. Et dans les derniers chapitres, les morts sont revendiqu\u00e9s comme candidats \u00e0 l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la vie \u00e9ternelle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Beaucoup de ces livres, le summum de l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00e9gyptienne<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sont aujourd<strong>&lsquo;hui expos\u00e9s dans les mus\u00e9es<\/strong> du monde entier, mais heureusement pour le voyageur qui visite ce pays  <strong>Il en existe \u00e9galement qui sont expos\u00e9s aux visiteurs, par exemple au mus\u00e9e \u00e9gyptien du Caire. C&rsquo;est le cas de celle de Maiherpri, d\u00e9pos\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine dans la tombe de ce noble dans la Vall\u00e9e des Rois \u00e0 Th\u00e8bes.<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51df548 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51df548\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b77b35e\" data-id=\"b77b35e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf6b2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf6b2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vous pouvez \u00e9galement \u00eatre int\u00e9ress\u00e9 par<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-869999f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"869999f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be2f3fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"be2f3fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51846\" class=\"elementor elementor-51846 elementor-2498 elementor-2498\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5050105 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5050105\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74f3a02\" data-id=\"74f3a02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c0101f pa-carousel-template pa-carousel-horizontal pa-carousel-dir-default pa-arrows-default elementor-widget 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Dinastias-de-Egipto-scaled.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51861\" class=\"elementor elementor-51861 elementor-4986 elementor-4986 elementor-4986\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/cronologia-de-dinastias-y-faraones\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/cronologia-de-dinastias-y-faraones\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">chronologie<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">chronologie  <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/arte-del-Egipto.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51879 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51879\" class=\"elementor elementor-51879 elementor-4979 elementor-4979 elementor-4979\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/arte\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/arte\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">l&#039;art<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">l'art  <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/arquitectura-antiguo-egipto.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51865 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51865\" class=\"elementor elementor-51865 elementor-4976 elementor-4976 elementor-4976\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/arquitectura\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/arquitectura\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">l&#039;architecture<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">l'architecture  <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/escritura-antiguo-egipto.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51847 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51847\" class=\"elementor elementor-51847 elementor-4973 elementor-4973 elementor-4973\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/escritura\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/escritura\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">R\u00e9daction<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9daction<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/religion-antiguo-egipto.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51885 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51885\" class=\"elementor elementor-51885 elementor-4971 elementor-4971 elementor-4971\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/religion\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/religion\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">Religion<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religion <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/antiguo-egipto-info-practica.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51891 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51891\" class=\"elementor elementor-51891 elementor-4967 elementor-4967 elementor-4967\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/antiguo-egipt\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">\u00c9gypte ancienne<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9gypte ancienne<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/naturaleza-egipto-info-practica.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51850 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51850\" class=\"elementor elementor-51850 elementor-4964 elementor-4964 elementor-4964\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/naturaleza\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/naturaleza\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">Nature<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nature<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/rio-nilo-en-Egipto-atardecer.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51868 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51868\" class=\"elementor elementor-51868 elementor-4961 elementor-4961 elementor-4961\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/rio-nilo\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/rio-nilo\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">Fleuve Nil<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fleuve Nil<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/gastronomia-egipcia.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51844 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51844\" class=\"elementor elementor-51844 elementor-4958 elementor-4958 elementor-4958\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/gastronomia\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/gastronomia\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">gastronomie<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">gastronomie  <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/judaismo-egipto-info-practica.jpg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51867 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51867\" class=\"elementor elementor-51867 elementor-4955 elementor-4955 elementor-4955\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/judaismo\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/judaismo\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">JUDA\u00cfSME<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">JUDA\u00cfSME<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background) > .elementor-widget-wrap, .elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Cristianismo.jpeg\");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated >  .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.2;}.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:0px 10px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:10px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:150px 25px 30px 25px;}.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fdd4878 > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51866 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51866\" class=\"elementor elementor-51866 elementor-4953 elementor-4953 elementor-4953\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/cristianismo\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/cristianismo\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">Le christianisme<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le christianisme<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51848 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.elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-51848 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{text-align:start;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}.elementor-51848 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Jost\", Sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;color:#FFFFFF;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-51848 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375{margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-51848 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fb44375 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51848\" class=\"elementor elementor-51848 elementor-4949 elementor-4949 elementor-4949\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/el-islam\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/el-islam\/\" class=\"make-column-clickable-link\"><span class=\"make-column-clickable-text\">L&#039;Islam<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb44375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb44375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'Islam<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-template item-wrapper\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-51878 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.elementor-heading-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"51845\" class=\"elementor elementor-51845 elementor-4943 elementor-4943 elementor-4943\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-975fef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"975fef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"make-column-clickable-elementor elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdd4878\" data-column-clickable=\"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/cultura\/historia\/\" data-column-clickable-blank=\"_self\" data-id=\"fdd4878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" 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<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>l&rsquo;\u00e9criture \u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne : hi\u00e9roglyphes, hi\u00e9ratique et d\u00e9motique. Tout ce que vous devez savoir \u00c9criture \u00e9gyptienne repr\u00e9sente l&rsquo;une des grandes contributions de cette civilisation \u00e0 l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9. C&rsquo;est aussi une forme d&rsquo;expression extraordinaire qui allie la magie, l&rsquo;art et la pratique. La plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d&rsquo;entre elles est celle qui a employ\u00e9 hi\u00e9roglyphesMais ce n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas le [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":51305,"parent":51281,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-51332","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51332","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51332"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52871,"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51332\/revisions\/52871"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/51305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egiptoexclusivo.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}